How is Personal Tax Calculated in the UK?: A Simple Guide

Calculating personal tax in the UK can seem complex, but it’s essentially a step-by-step process based on your income and applicable tax rates. This guide will help demystify the process, ensuring you understand how your tax is calculated. Let’s dive in!

Step 1: Identify All Sources of Income

Income can come from various sources, including:

• Employment Income: Salary, bonuses, and benefits.
• Self-Employment Income: Profits from your own business.
• Savings and Investments: Interest from savings, dividends from shares.
• Property Income: Rental income from properties.
• Pensions: State pension, workplace, and private pensions.
• Other Income: Capital gains, foreign income, etc.

Step 2: Apply Tax-Free Allowances

Certain amounts of income are tax-free due to allowances. The main allowances include:

• Personal Allowance: For the tax year 2023/24, the standard personal allowance is
• £12,570.
• Marriage Allowance: Transferable allowance between spouses or civil partners.
• Blind Person’s Allowance: Additional allowance for blind individuals.

Step 3: Calculating Taxable Income

To calculate your taxable income, you subtract your tax-free allowances from your total income.

If your total income is £60,000 and you have a Personal Allowance of £12,570, your taxable income would be:

• Total Income: £60,000
• Less Personal Allowance: £12,570
• Taxable Income: £47,430

Step 4: Income Tax Bands

Once your taxable income is determined, it is subject to income tax according to the following tax bands for the 2023/24 tax year:

• Basic Rate: 20% on income over £12,570 up to £50,270.
• Higher Rate: 40% on income over £50,270 up to £125,140.
• Additional Rate: 45% on income over £125,140.

Step 5: Apply National Insurance Contributions (NICs)

For employment and self-employment income, NICs are calculated separately:

• Class 1 NICs (for employees):
  • 12% on earnings between £12,570 and £50,270.
  • 2% on earnings over £50,270.
• Class 2 and Class 4 NICs (for self-employed):
  • Class 2: Flat rate of £3.45 per week if profits are £12,570 or more.
  • Class 4: 9% on profits between £12,570 and £50,270, and 2% on profits over £50,270

Step 6: Deduct Allowable Expenses and Reliefs

Certain expenses and reliefs can be deducted from your taxable income:

• Pension Contributions: Tax relief on contributions to personal or workplace pensions.
• Charitable Donations: Tax relief on donations under Gift Aid.
• Work Expenses: Specific expenses incurred wholly, exclusively, and necessarily for work.

Step 7: Calculate Final Tax Liability

Step 8: Filing Your Tax Return

If you’re self-employed or have additional income (like rental income), you’ll need to file a Self Assessment tax return. The deadline for online submissions is 31st January following the end of the tax year. Make sure to keep accurate records and documentation of your income and expenses.

Calculating your personal tax doesn’t have to be complicated. By understanding your income, allowances, and applicable tax bands, you can get a clear picture of your tax obligations. Always ensure you’re up to date with the latest tax rules, as they can change annually. For personalized advice and assistance, remember that Helpbox is here to help with all your tax-related queries.